Florida Court Rules Vertical Integration Is Unconstitutional – Are Big Changes Coming To The Sunshine State’s Cannabis Industry Or Will Big Marijuana Prevail?

What is Vertical Integration?

Vertical integration is a common term in the cannabis industry used to describe companies that facilitate multiple points in the supply chain, such as cultivation and retail, rather than operating one specific phase, such as cultivation or retail. Phasing out vertically integrated licenses is suitable for the inimitable Floridian market because it will allow for more products and more selection, plus smaller companies will be able to participate. Currently, cannabis companies may only sell the products they make. Therefore, MedMen, for example, cannot sell Harvest products and vice versa. Abolishing vertical integration should open the market to the point where retailers can sell practically any product they choose. Mixed retail is especially important for patients because currently, there are few dispensaries in the state. Therefore, if one dispensary runs out of stock of a patient’s preferred product, that patient will likely be forced to go to a local competitor who does not necessarily carry the same products.   Cannabis industry consultant Jade Green explains exclusively to Forbes, “Most cannabis states, especially those with recreational laws, are horizontally integrated, which means participants must obtain a separate state license for each part of their business. In other words, you need one license for growing, one license for manufacturing, one license for distribution, and one license for retail. Sometimes, like in California, a business can become vertically integrated by owning and operating two or more types of individual licenses at the same time. In other cases, like in Florida, the licenses issued by the state are vertically integrated, meaning the license owner automatically has the right to operate every point in the supply chain, from seed to sale.”  

Vertical Integration is ruled “Unconstitutional.”

A 1st District Court of Appeal decision in Florida’s capital of Tallahassee called the current, vertically integrated system “unconstitutional” for the way it caps licenses and allows a few select companies to have a monopoly on the cannabis supply chain — they must cultivate, process, package and sell medical marijuana without bringing on ancillary businesses to handle different aspects of the pot pipeline. Because this case deals with the constitutionality of a state statute, it will ultimately reach the Florida Supreme Court. The briefing and arguing of such cases usually take a year to 18 months from start to finish.   Florida-based Attorney John Lockwood explains the court’s ruling and how it will effect the state’s market. He predicts that Florida will end up with a hybrid system that will grandfather in the existing 22 vertical licenses. Then the state will issue some dispensary and cultivation permits, and other grants of a similar nature. Beyond that, the legislature is going to have to work at creating perhaps some additional licenses that are horizontal in scope, while ensuring that there is no product diversion. Additionally, it should be handled in a way that can be easily regulated and monitored by the Department of Health. Florida’s policymakers have historically had issues with having a marketplace where multiple companies could potentially be involved in the product offering from seed to sale. Predictably, if Florida does convert to a market inclusive of horizontal licenses, it will be limited in scope and highly regulated. “Most likely, the conventional wisdom is that those licenses will also be tied to the patient population. I don’t envision a scenario in which we are essentially an unlimited license type jurisdiction. Almost every type of industry in Florida of this nature, including alcoholic beverages, gambling, is highly-regulated and a limited market in Florida. And the legislature is very involved in policymaking,” Lockwood says.   Lockwood believes whatever stems from the court’s decision will proceed similarly. “The legislature is keen on keeping this as medicinal as possible. Concern about product and version is what triggered the desire originally to have a vertical marketplace, seed to sale. You had one company that was in charge of the product at all points,” he says. “Certainly having a market place where it’s unlimited license, and it’s a completely horizontal scheme, the Department of Health just isn’t capable of regulating something of magnitude, especially in a state size of Florida.” According to News Service of Florida, the July 9 ruling by a trio of male judges –comprised of Scott Makar, James Wolf and T. Kent Wetherell (who incidentally is now a Federal judge) provided Florida Department of Health officials “a reasonable amount of time” to begin registering medical marijuana operators. The court’s decision “is of exceptional importance because it implicates whether the entire regulatory framework currently in place for the licensing of medical marijuana treatment centers should be overturned,” argue lawyers for the state. Florida officials argue the court’s decision injected “confusion and uncertainty” into the state’s medical marijuana industry.  

The Governor’s about-face

Governor DeSantis has completely reversed his position on the matter of vertical-integration. He initially spoke strongly in favor of breaking up the vertically-integrated cartels that currently monopolize the Floridian market. However, his office recently asked the appellate court to reconsider its ruling. DeSantis and health officials on Wednesday asked the 1st District Court of Appeal for a hearing by the full court, known as an “en banc” hearing. His initial aversion to vertical-integration, followed by his full circle reversal, is potentially attributable to backchannel pressure. Lobbying on behalf of the six vertically-integrated medical marijuana businesses that currently operate 122 of the 144 dispensaries statewide, is par for the course. For example, the majority of Truelieve’s revenue comes from the Florida market, and they’re one of the highest-ranking income-producing cannabis companies in the country. A footprint in Florida, is significant, especially for multi-state operators, with millions –potentially billions– of dollars in future revenue at stake. Florida’s original six players in the herb oligopoly’s licenses are currently worth tens of millions of dollars. MedMen’s license cost the company approximately $54M. Therefore, Big Cannabis certainly has a vested interest in keeping the status quo.